Một số tiêu chuẩn về Chống sét, Tiếp địa của Quốc tế, Việt nam và các nước

1. Các tiêu chuẩn quốc tế

Các tiêu chuẩn của Ủy ban kỹ thuật điện quốc tế IEC

IEC 60364 Electrical installations of buildings.

• IEC 60364-5-534: Devices for protection against overvoltages.
• IEC 60364-4-443: Protection against overvoltages.

IEC 61024: Protection of structures against lightning.

IEC 61312: Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulses (LEMP).

• IEC 61312-1: General Priciples.
• IEC 61312-2: Shielding of structure, bonding inside structure and earthing.
• IEC 61312-3: Requirements of SPD.

IEC 61643 Low voltage surge protective devices.

• IEC 61643-11:2011: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems - Requirements and test methods.
• IEC 61643-12:2020: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems - Selection and application principles.
• IEC 61643-21:2012: Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks - Performance requirements and testing methods.
• IEC 61643-22:2015: Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks - Selection and application principles.
• IEC 61643-31:2018: Requirements and test methods for SPDs for photovoltaic installations.
• IEC 61643-32:2017: Surge protective devices connected to the d.c. side of photovoltaic installations - Selection and application principles.
• IEC 61643-311:2001: Components for low-voltage surge protective devices” - Specification for gas discharge tubes (GDT).

IEC 61662 (1996-05) Assessment of risk of damage due to lightning.

IEC 61663 Protection of telecommunication lines against lightning.

• IEC 61663-1: Fibre optic installations.
• IEC 61663-2: Lines using metallic conductors.

IEC62305 Protection against lightning.

• IEC 62305-1: General principles.
• IEC 62305-2: Risk management.
• IEC 62305-3: Physical damage to structures and life hazard.
• IEC 62305-4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures.

Các tiêu chuẩn của IEEE

IEEE C62.72™-2007: Guide for Aplication of SPD for Low Voltage (1000V or less) AC Power Circuits.

IEEE C62.41. 1™-2002: Guide on the Surge Environment in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuits.

IEEE C62.41.2™-2002: Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuits.

IEEE C62.11-1999: (Revision of IEEE Std C62.11-1993) Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (> 1 kV).

IEEE C62.36-1994: Test methods for Surge Protectors used in Low voltage Data, Communications and Siganaling Circuits.

IEEE C62.41-1991: Recommended Practice on Surge voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits.

IEEE C62.31-1987: Test Specifications for Gas - Tube Surge - Protective Devices.

Các khuyến nghị của ITU-T

K.11: Principles of protection against overvoltages and overcurrents.

K.12: Characteristics of GDTs for protection of telecom installations.

K.15: Protection of remote-feeding equipment and repeaters.

K.20: Resistivity of telecom equipment in telecom centre to overvoltages and overcurrents.

K.21: Resistivity of subscriber’s terminal to overvoltages and overcurrents.

K.22: Overvoltage resistivity of equipment connected to ISDN T/S bus.

K.27: Bonding and Earthing in a Telecom Building.

K.31: Bonding and Earthing in a Subscriber’s Building.

K.35: Bonding and Earthing in a remote electronic sites.

K.36: Selections of protectives devices for telecom lines.

K.39: Risk assessment of damages to telecom sites due to lightning.

K.40: Protection against LEMP in telecom centres.

K.41: Resistivity of internal interfaces of telecom centres to overvoltages.

K.44: Resistivity of Telecom equipment to overvoltages and overcurrents.

K.45: Resistivity of access network equipment to overvoltages and overcurrents.

K.46: Protection of telecommunication lines using metallic symmetric conductors against lightning-induced surges.

K.47: Protection of telecommunication lines using metallic conductors against direct lightning discharges.

K.55: Overvoltage and overcurrent requirements for insulation displacement connectors (IDC) terminations.

K.56: Protection of radio base stations against lightning discharges.

K.57: Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power line towers.

2. Các tiêu chuẩn Quốc gia

Tiêu chuẩn Mỹ - US Standards

ANSI/IEEE 81-1983: Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System.

UL 96A-2007: Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems.

NFPA 780-2008: Installation of Lightning Protection Systems.

API-2003: Protection against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning and Stray Currents.

AAF-20 (6950-10A): Practices and Procedures for Lightning protection, Grounding, Bonding and Shielding Implementaion.

REA Bulletin 1751F-802: Electrical Protection Grounding Fundamentals.

RUS Bulletin 1751F-801: Electrical Protection Fundamentals.

Tiêu chuẩn Anh - British Standards

BS 7430:1998 Code of practice for Earthing.

BS 6651:1999 Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning.

BS EN 50164: Lightning protection components (LPC).

• BS EN 50164-1: Requirements for connection components.
• BS EN 50164-2: Requirements for conductors and earth electrodes.

BS EN 62305:2006: Protection against lightning.

• BS EN 62305-1:2006: General principles.
• BS EN 62305-2:2006: Risk management.
• BS EN 62305-3:2006: Physical damage to structures and life hazard.
• BS EN 62305-4:2006: Electrical and electronic systems within structures.

Tiêu chuẩn Tây Ban Nha - Spanish Standards

UNE 21 186 – 1996: Protection of structures and of open areas against lightning using early streamer emission air terminal.

Tiêu chuẩn Pháp - France Standards

NF C 17-102:1995: Protection of structures and of open areas against lightning using early streamer émission air terminals.

NF C 17-100:1995: Protection of structures and of open areas against lightning using traditional air terminal.

Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam - Vietnamese Standards

TCVN 4756: 1989: Quy phạm nối đất và nối không các thiết bị điện.

TCXDVN 46: 2007: Chống sét cho công trình xây dựng – Hướng dẫn thiết kế, kiểm tra và bảo trì hệ thống.

TCVN 9385:2012: Chống sét cho công trình xây dựng - Hướng dẫn thiết kế, kiểm tra và bảo hành hệ thống.

TCVN 8071:2009: Công trình viễn thông – Quy tắc thực hành chống sét và tiếp đất.

QCVN 9:2010/BTTTT: Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về tiếp đất cho các trạm viễn thông.

QCVN 32:2011/BTTTT: Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về chống sét cho các trạm viễn thông và máng cáp ngoại vi viễn thông.

Để có một hiệu quả cao trong bảo vệ các công trình viễn thông, truyền số liệu, điện lực, dầu khí, phát thanh truyền hình và các cấu trúc xây dựng khác trên mặt đất cần phải có một hệ thống chống sét toàn diện. Có thể sử dụng giải pháp công nghệ của các nhà sản xuất khác nhau trên thế giới và trong nước, nhưng phải đảm bảo các tiêu chuẩn chống sét theo quy định quốc tế và trong nước.